The Male Enrollment Crisis
Men make up just over half of the 18- to 24-year-olds in America, but they’re vastly outnumbered in the nation’s colleges. In the spring of 2021, men represented just 40.5 percent of undergraduate students — an all-time low — as the Covid-19 pandemic accelerated and amplified a trend that’s been building for 40 years.
Between the fall of 2019 and the fall of 2021, as colleges shifted online and students struggled with health and economic worries, undergraduate enrollment slumped 7.8 percent. The slide was steeper for men — 10.2 percent compared with 6.8 percent for women.
The most striking dips in male student enrollment were at public two-year colleges, where overall enrollments tumbled 14.8 percent. Although the rate of enrollment decline among men has slowed somewhat, it was still higher for men at 18.6 percent, compared with 13.1 percent for women. Much of the enrollment decline at community colleges was among men attending hands-on training programs like automotive repair and welding that are harder to move online, a working paper published this month by the National Bureau of Economic Research finds.
At private four-year colleges, the proportion of women rose to a record-high average of 60 percent in 2020-21.
What’s the ratio of men to women in college?
Boys are less likely to graduate from high school and also to go on to college. Sociologists have struggled to come up with explanations that go beyond stereotypical expectations of how boys and girls behave in the classroom.
Some experts say the problem begins in elementary school because boys’ brains are generally slower to develop and they’re more likely to struggle with self-discipline and have trouble sitting still. As a result, there’s a greater chance they’ll be held back and punished. Boys tend to be more reluctant to ask for help. All of these factors can make them less enthusiastic about school at an early age.
In middle and high school, boys continue to receive messages about masculinity that reinforce traditional gender stereotypes. Being openly smart and studying hard are traits many associate more with girls. Athletic accomplishments are often more valued than academic ones, and boys are more likely than girls to spend hours every day on video games.
They’re also more likely to question the value of a college degree, in part because they haven’t been socialized as consistently to please the teacher and follow the rules. By the time they became teenagers, some people who were already questioning whether college was right for them found validation in former President Donald Trump’s bashing of what he called higher education’s liberal and elitist bias.
Meanwhile, many were swayed by stories about opportunities to make money that don’t require years of schooling and decades of debt. Maybe a cousin moved to Texas during a fracking boom and landed a job as a rig operator making $80,000 a year. FOMO — fear of missing out — is a real deterrent to staying in college. Someone who’s more impulsive and less connected to the education pipeline is likely to be tempted to give it a try, and to later regret it if the boom
goes bust.
How did the Covid-19 pandemic affect the gap?
Men’s college-going rates are declining across all races and socioeconomic groups, but some of the steepest drops have been among Black males. Nowhere is that more pronounced than in public two-year colleges, where the number of Black male students plunged 21.5 percent in the spring of 2021.
For Black teens who are more likely than those from other demographics to be raised by single mothers, the dearth of male teachers leaves them without relatable role models to encourage a focus on academics. They often get the message from peers that being openly smart or spending too much time on schoolwork is uncool. Black boys are more likely to be disciplined for behavior that might be tolerated in a white student. Those who attend under-resourced schools are less likely to have access to college-preparatory courses and college guidance. If they do make it to college, they’re more likely to be diverted to remedial classes that could discourage them or slow them down.
The Covid-19 pandemic coincided with a series of high-profile police-brutality incidents that shook the confidence of young Black men that American society is just and their future is theirs to shape. They were more likely to live in households with shaky internet access and attend schools that struggled to keep students engaged virtually. As the pandemic dragged on, they were especially likely to feel cast adrift.
Why have the declines been especially severe among
Black men?
Because many jobs with family-sustaining wages require a college degree, men without one face steeper obstacles and have fewer resources to confront the ones that appear.
At mixed-gender colleges, classroom discussions and campus life both suffer without the diversity that a more balanced representation offers. But even more important are the economic and emotional impacts on the men who are abandoning college.
When men skip college, the chances of landing a job where they can earn middle-class wages diminish. Men with bachelor’s degrees accrue about $900,000 more in median lifetime earnings than those with only high-school credentials, according to the Social Security Administration. The nation’s economy could suffer, too, without enough educated and highly skilled workers.
Because many jobs with family-sustaining wages require a college degree, men without one face steeper obstacles and have fewer resources to confront the ones that appear. Depression, disillusionment, and substance-abuse problems can be tougher to overcome. And the education imbalance could make finding a marriage partner harder.
Should we be worried?
To achieve their educational goals and to thrive while doing so, first-gen students need their institutions to build a sense of community where everyone feels they belong.
To help counter “imposter syndrome,” the First-Generation Student Gateway at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor provides a centralized space for information and community-building. At Florida Atlantic University, the Office of First-Generation Student Success created a student organization, First and Proud, to foster a sense of belonging.
The Georgetown Scholars Program, which serves first-gen students, has a calendar of events designed to make first-gen students feel at home, including Project Move-In, where alumni and staff volunteers meet new GSP students who would otherwise arrive alone at airports and train and bus stations in Washington, D.C., to help them move in. Other programming includes dinners and events during campus breaks, when first-gen students often have to remain on campus, and community dinners and intramurals for the GSP community.
The program also offers “necessity funding,” or microgrants, to help cover unexpected or emergency costs, including medical co-pays, professional attire, funding for grad-school applications, and mental-health counseling.
What strategies work for the “whole student”?
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“The Male Enrollment Crisis” was produced by Chronicle Intelligence.
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Men are still going to college at higher rates than they were 10 years ago, but the fact that they’ve fallen so far behind women’s college-going rates has many concerned.
On the other hand, there are alternatives. Work-force training at community colleges and trade schools can prepare students relatively quickly for decent-paying jobs in fields like welding and plumbing that are hungry for workers.
Higher education has a long track record of providing centers and special supports for marginalized students, whether they’re LGBTQ, students of color, or women in STEM.
But with all the attention nationally to white-male privilege, some ask, why dedicate scarce resources to supporting men?
After all, although women are more likely to enroll and graduate from college, they’re still underrepresented in fields with the highest earnings potential, such as engineering or computer science. The fact that they’ve made huge strides in college enrollment in recent years and now far outnumber men on campuses doesn’t mean there’s a crisis, some would argue.
Besides, plenty of men opt for blue-collar jobs that pay reasonably well, while many college graduates end up with low-paying jobs and hefty student loans.
Another reason there’s been relatively little attention to the growing gender imbalance is that it’s not always evident at highly selective colleges that dominate the news. Their large applicant pools allow them to balance their classes by giving men a leg up in admissions.
College programs that focus on men tend to be small efforts with lean budgets that reach relatively few students.
Why aren’t there more programs to support men?
A small but growing number of campuses offer programs to support men, with many focusing on the specific needs of underserved minorities.
The City University of New York’s Black Male Initiative is one longstanding and often-replicated program. The initiative, which reaches thousands of students across the CUNY system, includes more than 30 projects focused on increasing enrollment, retention, and graduation rates of underrepresented students — especially men of color.
The Men’s Resource Center at CUNY’s Kingsborough Community College falls under the Black Male Initiative umbrella. It’s open to all academically eligible students, faculty, and staff members, but its stated purpose is to support men of color.
The program sets students up with successful peer mentors and encourages participants to lead workshops for at-risk students at a local multicultural high school. A student lecture series provides opportunities for participants to raise their confidence and leadership skills.
The University of Oregon has a Men’s Resource Center that appeals to students who want to challenge outdated notions of masculinity and play a more active role in ending oppression.
St. Louis Community College offers a six-week summer program for Black male students to prepare for campus life and get some credits under their belt.
Sometimes, men just need an extra nudge. Baylor University, with a student population that is 59 percent female, created a communication campaign initially described as “males and moms” to keep potential applicants on track. University officials stress that dads can play an important role, too, in making sure application materials are filed on time.
How are some colleges reaching out to male students?
Men are still going to collegeat higher rates than they were10 years ago, but the fact thatthey’ve fallen so far behindwomen’s college-going rateshas many concerned.
How did the Covid-19 pandemic affect the gap?
During the pandemic, the enrollment declines among men were twice as high as those for women. It disrupted college plans for Black and Hispanic teens whose families were disproportionately likely to have lost jobs, suffered illness or death, and struggled with online schooling.
In some first-generation and minority families, sons felt pressure to work and bring in money immediately. College was seen as an extravagance that could wait. Daughters, of course, faced similar pressures, but many were more convinced of the long-range benefits of going to college.
The pandemic also disrupted the plans of students enrolled in work-force training at community colleges. Many of these students, who are disproportionately male, were forced to stop out when hands-on programs had to be put on hold.
Higher education has a long track record of providing centers and special supports for marginalized students, whether they’re LGBTQ, students of color, or women in STEM.
But with all the attention nationally to white-male privilege, some ask, why dedicate scarce resources to supporting men?
After all, although women are more likely to enroll and graduate from college, they’re still underrepresented in fields with the highest earnings potential, such as engineering or computer science. The fact that they’ve made huge strides in college enrollment in recent years and now far outnumber men on campuses doesn’t mean there’s a crisis, some would argue.
Besides, plenty of men opt for blue-collar jobs that pay reasonably well, while many college graduates end up with low-paying jobs and hefty student loans.
Another reason there’s been relatively little attention to the growing gender imbalance is that it’s not always evident at highly selective colleges that dominate the news. Their large applicant pools allow them to balance their classes by giving men a leg up in admissions.
College programs that focus on men tend to be small efforts with lean budgets that reach relatively few students.
Why aren’t there more programs to support men?
It wasn’t just enrollment where gaps between men and women widened. Once they enter college, women are also more likely to stay and graduate. For students enrolling in a four-year-college in 2012, 65 percent of women and 59 percent of men had earned a bachelor’s degree within six years, the U.S. Department of Education reports.
The gap shows no signs of narrowing. Applications to the Common Application are one clear indicator. With 914 institutions reporting last year, women filled out 3.8 million applications and men, 2.8 million. If current trends continue, within the next few years, twice as many women could be earning college degrees as men.
Men are still going to college at higher rates than they were 10 years ago, but the fact that they’ve fallen so far behind women’s college-going rates has many concerned.
Higher ed has been increasingly focusing on first-generation students in recent decades. Eager to broaden and diversify their enrollments; to improve access, equity, and graduation rates; and to fulfill their educational and societal missions, colleges are seeking more-effective ways to help and support these students throughout their education.
But barriers remain. About a third of students whose parents didn’t attend college drop out, compared with 26 percent of students whose parents attended some college and 14 percent of those whose parents have bachelor’s degrees.
A college degree may be the ticket to the middle class — the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce has predicted that 70 percent of all jobs will require some education beyond high school by 2027 — but higher ed is more expensive than ever before. According to federal data, nearly 74 percent of first-generation students in the class of 2015-16 borrowed money for college, compared with 64 percent of their peers, and just over a third of first-generation students default on their loans, compared with 20 percent of their peers who have a parent with a bachelor’s degree. The situation is even bleaker for low-income, first-gen students, nearly half of whom default, according to the Center for American Progress.
In order for first-gen support to be more than a talking point, it is critical for colleges to find ways to help these students overcome financial, cultural, and academic obstacles in order to stay on track — and bring their unique experiences and perspectives to enrich their campuses, excel, graduate, and enter the work force.